Find the gradient of the following scalar functions:

Find the gradient of the following scalar functions:
(a) T = 3 / (x2 + z2),
(b) V = xy2 z4|,
(c) U =z cos?????1 + r2),
(d) W = e-R sin?,
(e) S = 4x2e-z + y3,
(f) N = 2 cos2 ?,
(g) M = R cos ??sin?